12306 的架构也太 "牛X" 了吧!
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GitGub代码地址:https://github.com/GuoZhaoran/spikeSystem
1
大型高并发系统架构
1.1 负载均衡简介
1.2 Nginx加权轮询的演示
#配置负载均衡
upstream load_rule {
server 127.0.0.1:3001 weight=1;
server 127.0.0.1:3002 weight=2;
server 127.0.0.1:3003 weight=3;
server 127.0.0.1:3004 weight=4;
}
...
server {
listen 80;
server_name load_balance.com www.load_balance.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://load_rule;
}
}
package main
import (
"net/http"
"os"
"strings"
)
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/buy/ticket", handleReq)
http.ListenAndServe(":3001", nil)
}
//处理请求函数,根据请求将响应结果信息写入日志
func handleReq(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
failedMsg := "handle in port:"
writeLog(failedMsg, "./stat.log")
}
//写入日志
func writeLog(msg string, logPath string) {
fd, _ := os.OpenFile(logPath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0644)
defer fd.Close()
content := strings.Join([]string{msg, "\r\n"}, "3001")
buf := []byte(content)
fd.Write(buf)
}
ab -n 1000 -c 100 http://www.load_balance.com/buy/ticket
统计日志中的结果,3001-3004端口分别得到了100、200、300、400的请求量,这和我在nginx中配置的权重占比很好的吻合在了一起,并且负载后的流量非常的均匀、随机。
具体的实现大家可以参考nginx的upsteam模块实现源码,这里推荐一篇文章:
https://www.kancloud.cn/digest/understandingnginx/202607
2
秒杀抢购系统选型
回到我们最初提到的问题中来:火车票秒杀系统如何在高并发情况下提供正常、稳定的服务呢?
从上面的介绍我们知道用户秒杀流量通过层层的负载均衡,均匀到了不同的服务器上,即使如此,集群中的单机所承受的QPS也是非常高的。如何将单机性能优化到极致呢?要解决这个问题,我们就要想明白一件事:
通常订票系统要处理生成订单、减扣库存、用户支付这三个基本的阶段,我们系统要做的事情是要保证火车票订单不超卖、不少卖,每张售卖的车票都必须支付才有效,还要保证系统承受极高的并发。
这三个阶段的先后顺序改怎么分配才更加合理呢?我们来分析一下:
2.1 下单减库存
当用户并发请求到达服务端时,首先创建订单,然后扣除库存,等待用户支付。这种顺序是我们一般人首先会想到的解决方案,这种情况下也能保证订单不会超卖,因为创建订单之后就会减库存,这是一个原子操作。
但是这样也会产生一些问题。
第一就是在极限并发情况下,任何一个内存操作的细节都至关影响性能,尤其像创建订单这种逻辑,一般都需要存储到磁盘数据库的,对数据库的压力是可想而知的;
第二是如果用户存在恶意下单的情况,只下单不支付这样库存就会变少,会少卖很多订单,虽然服务端可以限制IP和用户的购买订单数量,这也不算是一个好方法。
2.2 支付减库存
如果等待用户支付了订单在减库存,第一感觉就是不会少卖。但是这是并发架构的大忌,因为在极限并发情况下,用户可能会创建很多订单,当库存减为零的时候很多用户发现抢到的订单支付不了了,这也就是所谓的“超卖”。也不能避免并发操作数据库磁盘IO
2.3 预扣库存
3
扣库存的艺术
从上面的分析可知,显然预扣库存的方案最合理。我们进一步分析扣库存的细节,这里还有很大的优化空间,库存存在哪里?怎样保证高并发下,正确的扣库存,还能快速的响应用户请求?
在单机低并发情况下,我们实现扣库存通常是这样的:
为了保证扣库存和生成订单的原子性,需要采用事务处理,然后取库存判断、减库存,最后提交事务,整个流程有很多IO,对数据库的操作又是阻塞的。这种方式根本不适合高并发的秒杀系统。
接下来我们对单机扣库存的方案做优化:本地扣库存。我们把一定的库存量分配到本地机器,直接在内存中减库存,然后按照之前的逻辑异步创建订单。改进过之后的单机系统是这样的:
4
代码演示
Go语言原生为并发设计,我采用go语言给大家演示一下单机抢票的具体流程。
4.1 初始化工作
...
//localSpike包结构体定义
package localSpike
type LocalSpike struct {
LocalInStock int64
LocalSalesVolume int64
}
...
//remoteSpike对hash结构的定义和redis连接池
package remoteSpike
//远程订单存储健值
type RemoteSpikeKeys struct {
SpikeOrderHashKey string //redis中秒杀订单hash结构key
TotalInventoryKey string //hash结构中总订单库存key
QuantityOfOrderKey string //hash结构中已有订单数量key
}
//初始化redis连接池
func NewPool() *redis.Pool {
return &redis.Pool{
MaxIdle: 10000,
MaxActive: 12000, // max number of connections
Dial: func() (redis.Conn, error) {
c, err := redis.Dial("tcp", ":6379")
if err != nil {
panic(err.Error())
}
return c, err
},
}
}
...
func init() {
localSpike = localSpike2.LocalSpike{
LocalInStock: 150,
LocalSalesVolume: 0,
}
remoteSpike = remoteSpike2.RemoteSpikeKeys{
SpikeOrderHashKey: "ticket_hash_key",
TotalInventoryKey: "ticket_total_nums",
QuantityOfOrderKey: "ticket_sold_nums",
}
redisPool = remoteSpike2.NewPool()
done = make(chan int, 1)
done <- 1
}
4.2 本地扣库存和统一扣库存
package localSpike
//本地扣库存,返回bool值
func (spike *LocalSpike) LocalDeductionStock() bool{
spike.LocalSalesVolume = spike.LocalSalesVolume + 1
return spike.LocalSalesVolume < spike.LocalInStock
}
package remoteSpike
......
const LuaScript = `
local ticket_key = KEYS[1]
local ticket_total_key = ARGV[1]
local ticket_sold_key = ARGV[2]
local ticket_total_nums = tonumber(redis.call('HGET', ticket_key, ticket_total_key))
local ticket_sold_nums = tonumber(redis.call('HGET', ticket_key, ticket_sold_key))
-- 查看是否还有余票,增加订单数量,返回结果值
if(ticket_total_nums >= ticket_sold_nums) then
return redis.call('HINCRBY', ticket_key, ticket_sold_key, 1)
end
return 0
`
//远端统一扣库存
func (RemoteSpikeKeys *RemoteSpikeKeys) RemoteDeductionStock(conn redis.Conn) bool {
lua := redis.NewScript(1, LuaScript)
result, err := redis.Int(lua.Do(conn, RemoteSpikeKeys.SpikeOrderHashKey, RemoteSpikeKeys.TotalInventoryKey, RemoteSpikeKeys.QuantityOfOrderKey))
if err != nil {
return false
}
return result != 0
}
hmset ticket_hash_key "ticket_total_nums" 10000 "ticket_sold_nums" 0
4.3 响应用户信息
package main
...
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/buy/ticket", handleReq)
http.ListenAndServe(":3005", nil)
}
package main
//处理请求函数,根据请求将响应结果信息写入日志
func handleReq(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
redisConn := redisPool.Get()
LogMsg := ""
<-done
//全局读写锁
if localSpike.LocalDeductionStock() && remoteSpike.RemoteDeductionStock(redisConn) {
util.RespJson(w, 1, "抢票成功", nil)
LogMsg = LogMsg + "result:1,localSales:" + strconv.FormatInt(localSpike.LocalSalesVolume, 10)
} else {
util.RespJson(w, -1, "已售罄", nil)
LogMsg = LogMsg + "result:0,localSales:" + strconv.FormatInt(localSpike.LocalSalesVolume, 10)
}
done <- 1
//将抢票状态写入到log中
writeLog(LogMsg, "./stat.log")
}
func writeLog(msg string, logPath string) {
fd, _ := os.OpenFile(logPath, os.O_RDWR|os.O_CREATE|os.O_APPEND, 0644)
defer fd.Close()
content := strings.Join([]string{msg, "\r\n"}, "")
buf := []byte(content)
fd.Write(buf)
}
4.4 单机服务压测
ab -n 10000 -c 100 http://127.0.0.1:3005/buy/ticket
This is ApacheBench, Version 2.3 <$Revision: 1826891 $>
Copyright 1996 Adam Twiss, Zeus Technology Ltd, http://www.zeustech.net/
Licensed to The Apache Software Foundation, http://www.apache.org/
Benchmarking 127.0.0.1 (be patient)
Completed 1000 requests
Completed 2000 requests
Completed 3000 requests
Completed 4000 requests
Completed 5000 requests
Completed 6000 requests
Completed 7000 requests
Completed 8000 requests
Completed 9000 requests
Completed 10000 requests
Finished 10000 requests
Server Software:
Server Hostname: 127.0.0.1
Server Port: 3005
Document Path: /buy/ticket
Document Length: 29 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 2.339 seconds
Complete requests: 10000
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 1370000 bytes
HTML transferred: 290000 bytes
Requests per second: 4275.96 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 23.387 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 0.234 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 572.08 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 8 14.7 6 223
Processing: 2 15 17.6 11 232
Waiting: 1 11 13.5 8 225
Total: 7 23 22.8 18 239
Percentage of the requests served within a certain time (ms)
50% 18
66% 24
75% 26
80% 28
90% 33
95% 39
98% 45
99% 54
100% 239 (longest request)
//stat.log
...
result:1,localSales:145
result:1,localSales:146
result:1,localSales:147
result:1,localSales:148
result:1,localSales:149
result:1,localSales:150
result:0,localSales:151
result:0,localSales:152
result:0,localSales:153
result:0,localSales:154
result:0,localSales:156
...
5
总结回顾
总体来说,秒杀系统是非常复杂的。我们这里只是简单介绍模拟了一下单机如何优化到高性能,集群如何避免单点故障,保证订单不超卖、不少卖的一些策略,完整的订单系统还有订单进度的查看,每台服务器上都有一个任务,定时的从总库存同步余票和库存信息展示给用户,还有用户在订单有效期内不支付,释放订单,补充到库存等等。
作者:绘你一世倾城
来源:juejin.im/post/5d84e21f6fb9a06ac8248149
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